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' i J. S..BA' LDWI N1& B. WE BRADFORDL ENGINE DERIVING ITS POWER FROM THE BXPANSIONOF AIR OR GAS.

Patented. Ja,n..4, 1887. J

. v Invewionw fimy'anqo'n wfiradfo w 7 7 v a, M Q. atm' (N0 Model.) 7 N 3 Sheets-Sheet 3.

N J. S. BALDWIN &; B. W. BRADFORD.

ENGINE EERIVING ITS POWER FROM THE EXPANSION OF AIR 0R GAS. No. 855,634. Patented Jan. 4, 1887.

7 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

JAMES S. BALDWVIN, OF NEWARK, NE\V JERSEY, AND BENJAMIN W. BRAD- FORD, OF NEW YORK, N. Y., ASSIGNORS TO THEMSELVES AND SAMUEL A. FARRAND, OF NEWARK, NEW JERSEY.

I ENGINE DERIVING ITS POWER FROM THE EXPANSION F AIR OR GAS.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 355,634, dated January 4, 1887.

Application filed February 6, 1586. Serial No. 190,980. (No lilOdGl-l To all whom it may concern.-

Be it known that we, JAMEs S. BALDWIN and BENJAMIN W. BRADFORD, citizens of the United States, residing, respectively, at Newark, in the county of-Essex and State of New Jersey, and New York, county and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Engines Deriving their Power from the Expansion" of Air or Gas, and we do hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and eXact description of the invention, such as will enable others skilled in the art to which it appertains to make and use the same, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, and to letters of reference marked thereon, which form a part of this specification. V The object of the invention is to secure a ,larger efficiency and economy than has heretofore been obtainedin the conversion of heat,

, especially heat of a low temperature, into motive power. Y

The invention relates to engines which derive their power from the expansion of gas;

a 2 5 and it consists of certain new or improved devices, arrangements, and combinations that may be employed therein or in cooperation therewith, substantially as hereinafterset forth, and finally embodied in the clauses of the claim.

The improved methods described herein for operating engines which derive their power from the expansion of gas will not be claimed in this specification, as they constitute the subject of a separate application.

Referring to the accompanying drawings, included in three sheets, in which like letters of reference indicate corresponding parts in each of the several figures, Figure 1, Sheet 1, 40 is a front elevation showing in a general view the relations of the several parts of one form of said improved engine. are sectional views ill ustrating different modifications of construction in a vessel for gen- 5 eratiug power, and Fig. 4.shows a device that may be used in said engine as an equivalent for a counterbalance-weight. Fig. 5, Sheet 2 is a front View of the working portions of the engine shown in Fig. 1, the power-generating Figs. 2,3, and 10 vessels A A together with theregenerators .R B, being in section to illustrate the'arrangement of parts therein; and Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating the position of a certain crank-pin when the various displacements of the liquid and gas take place within the generators. 5 Fig. 7, Sheet 3, is a vertical longitudinal section of one of said generators in connection with a regenerator and actuating displacing mechanism. Fig. 8 is a sectional view of a coil by means of which heat may be supplied to the hot chamber or removed from the cold chamber of said generators, and Fig. 9 is a sectional view of a supplemental chamber or extension, taken through line 00 of Fig. 5.

In said drawings, A A are generating-ves- 5 sels or chambered receptacles adapted to hold liquid and gas for the generation of power, said power being generated or evolved from the heat contained in the liquid and thence transferred to the gas. .Thes'e generators orr generating-vessels are made, preferably, of plate metal and of cylindrical shape, although other shapes may be used if desired. Said generators are divided, preferably longitudinally, by partitions b 1)", into chambers of 5- the desired size, the chamber H being for hot liquid and chamber C for cold liquid. Chamber H is here shown about one half the size of chamber 0, although these proportions V may be varied. Each chamber is supplied, 8 preferably, with about equal quantities of liquid and'the remainder of the space with gas, said liquids and gas being retained and operated continuously or over and over within said vessel. The said partitions are secured to the generating-vessels, and are made, preferaoly, of sheet metal combined with any suitable non-conducting material. The partition b is provided with an opening or passageway, b which is preferably a largerectanguo Amovable head orpartition, D, is arranged, preferably longitudinally, in chamber 0, and is or may be secured to the rock-shaft'D by the arms D, or by any other suitable means. 5 'Said head or partition is preferably made of or faced with some non-conducting material, and is or may be connected to the partition 6 her, but closed to the cold chamber.

by any suitably-flexible material or combination of materials. The said connecting material being secured to all the edges of the head D, and also to the partition b so as to entirely surround the orifice b forms a corrugated bellows-like structure, B, open to thehot cham- This bellows, on opening, receives the hot liquid from chamber H through the orifice b and on closing returns it through said orifice to said hot chamber, said orifice being the only means of ingress and egress to or from the interior of said bellows. minishes the space for the cold liquid in chamber 0, thereby causing the said liquid to fill said chamber and transfer the gas therefrom into the hot chamber H.

The flexible material, instead of being arranged in we aforesaid bellows form, may be constructed inthe shape of a bag, as in Fig. 3, the partition or head D forming the bottom or end and the orifice b the mouth thereof. In this case the head D may, if desired, be so shaped and arranged on the arms D as to pass through the orifice b" and thereby empty the contents of said bag into chamber H at each returning movement of said head. The said flexible material may be entirely dispensed with, as in Fig. 2, and the outer edge of the head D be extended so as to move'in contact wit-h the interior surface of the generatingvessel, thereby separating the hotliquid from the cold. The movement of said head, acting as an oscillating or vibrating partition,

imparts the same oscillating movements to said liquids and gas, displacing and replacing each alternately. In this case the partition I) may likewise be dispensed with, the oscillating partition or head D performing the functions of the said flexible material and the said partition 12 Fig. 11 shows still another arrangement of the interior parts of a generating-vessel in whichthe liquids and. the head D, instead of moving crosswise of said vessel, move longitudinally therein, the hot and cold liquids being separated from each other by the head D, attached to the rod t, a band, d, provided with suitable packing, being secured to the inside of the generating-vessel, so as to encir circle said head D. If preferred, the said head D may in this arrangement be connected by a suitably-flexible material to the band d, forming thereby a bellows like structure substantially the same as that hereinbefore described. The reciprocating longitudinal movement of the said bellows or head D will alternately displace and replace each of the said liquids. As

. the liquids in each of these varieties of gener- The opening of said bellows di-,

divided or perforated parts or surfaces, ar-

ranged so as to be exposed to the action of the gas and the liquid of their respective chambers. These absorbingpacks are preferably constructed of closely spaced thin metallic plates placed approximately parallel with each other, as illustrated at C, Fig. 7, but which may consist of wire-netting or other perforated or subdivided forms in any position that will admit an easy passage of liquid or gas through or between them, and of any material having the requisite absorbing or conducting quality. The variety of pack shown at C, Fig. 7, is preferably constructed so as to divide more or less completely the body of gas or liquid into a series of sheets, films, or thin sections, and thus cause eachportion of said gas to come into immediate contact with some part of the said pack, thereby at once raising or lowering the temperature of said body of gas to that of the pack with which it is in contact. The

very great extent of absorbing and conducting surfaces supplied by either variety of these packs and the subdivision and intimate commingling of the gas with said surfaces which may be thereby effected furnish, in connection with the liquids, the means of alternately heat ing and cooling said gas with the utmost rapidity, and thereby largely increase the efficiency both of the generators and the engine.

In the hot chamber-these packs are employedto absorb heat from the liquid and transmit it to the gas, while in the cold chamber they absorb the heat from the gas and transmit it to the liquid. The periodic immersing of said packs in the liquids of their respective chamout any such alternating action by placing one end or part of said packs in permanent contact with the liquid and leaving the other end or part in contact with the gas. the upper section of 'said packs may be omitted, as illustrated at 0 Fig. 7, to provide channels for the more easy transfer of the gas from the hot or cold chamber through a regeuerator, R. The said regenerator is provided with absorbing-packs, which may he of similar material to those described for use in the hot and cold chambers. One end or part of the re generator is in communication with the hot chamber and is thereby kept hot, and the other end or part is in communication with the cold chamber/and is thereby kept cold. The function of the regenerator is to absorb and withdraw the heat from the gas when it is passing from the hot to the cold chamber, thereby cooling the gas before it enters the cold chamber, and likewise saving the heat, and to restore the said heat to the gas on its return from the cold to the hot chamber, thereby heating the gas before it reenters the said hot cham- Portions ofher. Every time,therefore,that the gas is trans ferred to and fro through-the regenerator it is therein alternately cooled and heated.

Instead of a regenerator, a simple duct or passage of any kind may be employed through which to transmit the gas from one chamber to the other; but the use of a regenerator soon res the largest economy of heat.

Valves V, of any preferred construction, may be emplo 'ed in the hot and cold chambers to automatically open and close the entrance to the pipes 0 leading from said chambers to the regenerato'r. Said valves are or may be actuated by the liquid in said chambers, being opened by the falling and closed by the rising of said liquid, thereby renderi forany of said liquids to'pa'ss from said chambers through the regenerator, while freely ad mitting the ingress and egress of the gas to and fro from said chambers through the reg nerator. Said valves may be dispensed with and the same purpose accomplished by slightly elongating the pipes C, said pipes acting as hydrostatic columns, thereby neutralizing; at the proper period any preponderance or force in the counter balance, hereinafter escribed, and so preventing the ascent of the liquid into the regenerator.

Heating-coils K K are or may chambers H H, for supplyi be placed in ng heat to the liquids therein, and cooling-coils L L in chambers O O. for keeping the liquids therein cool.- Said dependent of the pressure of the external at- .mosphere or isolated from communication ng it impossible of wei ht i therewith,while, if required, a continuous or an intermittent supply any source may atany time be promptly furnished to said generators without arresting or interfering with their continuous operations. It is thereforcin this operative sense only, and i not in the sense of absolute isolation, that the term isolated is used in the claims forming part of this specification. l A. safety-valve, d, l each generator ive pressure.

as a protection agaiustexcessextension, S, Figs. 5 and 9, is or may be sewith by an opening or, preferably, by ascries of openings or perforations, pp, Fig. 9, extending from the interior of said chamber i'ntb the interior of the generating-vessel. The said extension may have access through any i part of the generating-vessel, but is preferably connected so as to communicate with the cold chamber thereof, as shown at Fig. 5. supplemental chamber may communicate with the piston-cylimler M or other motive mechanism of an engine by any suitable pipe, duct, l or port. 0. The said extension may have access to the hot chamber of the generatingvessel, and-the hot liquid instead of thecold i be used as the medium for transmitting power i from the generator to the engine; orthe said I extension may be entirely dispensed with and coils are illustrated in Figs. 5 and 8, and coni communicate directly with either the hot or tain in themselves no elements of novelty. l the cold chamber of said generator; or the said Heat from any source whatever, but 'ireferab'ly, i pipe or duct maybe inserted in the upper exhaust steam,'is furnished to the hcatingl part of the generating-vessel and citliertthe coils, and cold water or other fiuid to the coolhot or the cold gas therein, instead of the said iug-eoils, thereby keeping the contents of E liquids, be'employed as thcmcdium for transcharnbers H H hot and of chambers O 0 cool. mitting the power generated therein to the 40 Said coils may be placed outside of the said I motive mechanism of the engine.

generators and be suitably connected there The piston-cylinder M is or may be prowith. Anyother variety of apparatus may be vidcd at each end with pipes or ducts 0, but employed instead of said coils to secure the del otherwise possesses no features of novelty. sired thermal conditions of the said liquids. The piston-rod P runs or may run through 5 alves or faucets eje may be inserted in or both ends of the piston cylimler, one end beconnected with the chambers Hand G,through ing attached to the cross-head j, and thence, by which the generators may'be charged with the a connecting-rod, t, and crank-pin h, to a desired liquids and gas, by a pump or other crank-shaft and tly-whcel, in any of theusnal in ject or,,.until the requisite internal pressure ways. The other end of the. piston-rod is or is attained, when said valves may be closethi may be attachedto another cross-headorslidc, The said pressure is always considerably l running in suitable guideways and progreater than that of the external atmosphere, vided with studs g 1 each of-said studs being and may extend to a number of hundred adapted to alternately artuate a spring, 1', as pounds to the square inch, being limited only i shown in Figs. 1 and 5. The inner end of this by the strength of the generators. springis fastened to a shaftor pin, F, on which Should any loss of gas or liquid take place are secured oscillating cross arms F l.",' said from the generators, either by leakage or othspring acting as a lever to rock or oscillate cruise, the amount maybe readily restored, said arms in opposite directions alternately. without arresting the running of the engine, The endof the arm F is pivoted to the con by simply opening the aforesaid. valves .and nectin'g-rodf', the othcrcnd of said rod being operating said pump or injector to the extent pivoted to the elastic armf", Fig. l, which is desired. It willthcreforche observed that in secured to and actuates the rock-shaft I), this invention the contents of the generators, thereby opening or closing the bellows I, like those of a steanrboilenare eapableof perand ctl'ecting the various alternate displaceforming thcir variousoperative functions inments ofthe contentsofsaidgencrating-vesscl,

as will he hereinafter more fully set forth. The said rock-shaft I)" runs or may run is prcfcrabl y applied to A supplemental chamberor l cured to the generator and communicate therei of liquid or gas from the said pipeor duct 0 be arranged so as to I therein.

verse movement of the piston brings the stud pin it is passingthe dead-centers, or from :1; to

and stuii'ing-boxes.

through both the heads of the generatingvessel, and is provided with suitable bearings To the extremity of the shaft D a long arm, J, car

D, thereby enabling said liquids and gas to be alternately oscillated or transferred from point topoint in said generating-vessel with' the expenditure of comparatively-"little power. One end of the arm F carries a pawl, q, secured theretoby a pin or bolt which passes through the slot at and slides longitudinally- V A spring, q, is secured to said-arm, one end of which presses against said pi and tends to keep it against the outer end of' theslot, thereby keeping the pointof the pawl in the teeth of the rack until the tension of said spring is overcome by the superior tension induced in spring 1' by the action of thepiston- Asotten as the movement of the piston nears its limit at the left-hand end of the cylinder the tension induced in spring i will' act onthe arms F F, forcing the'end of the pawl out of the teeth at the upper end (if the curved segment m, as shown in Fig. 5, thereby rotating said arms until the pawl is carried from the teeth in the upper end into those in the lower end of said segment, as indicated by the dotted lines in Fig. 1. This action of the oscillating arms F F carries thecounter-balance WVover tothe lctt imparts to the liquids therein a movement which changes their relative positions,-causing' the cold liquid to rise to the top of the chamber (land the cold gas to pass from said chamber into the hot chamber H, thereby changing the pressure in said generatortrom its minimum to its maximumdegree. The re- 9'' against the-spring .27, and as said piston nears its limitat the righthand'end of the cylinder said spring i presses the pawl out of the teeth in the lower end of the segment m and carries it into those in the upper section thereof, thereby closing the bellows in said generator and transferring the counter-balance and the contents of the generator to their former position.

It will be seen from the above that the dis-' placing and replacing movements of the gas are in each case clt'ected when said piston is at the end of its stroke and while the crank- Numerous varieties of mechanism other than I those shown in the drawings may be employed for transmittingmotion from the engine to the displaciiig bellows or movable head within the generatingvessel.

,The conutcrbalance-weight Vinny bedispensed with and a spring or other device used as an equivalent therefor. One variety or form of spring which may be thus used is shown in Fig. 4, in which W is a spring under tension,

lines underneath it; D,

.able head, as h'ereinbefore weigh ts each plest. Thesai'd-rod may consist of one piece,

.motion ofthe other, except that the h action the opening of .lows that whenever the gas its normal positionbeing shown by the dotted a rock-shaft running througha generating-vessel, and It an arm con-' nectingsaid rock-shaft with said spring by means ofa rod, h. Any movement imparted to said rockshaft will increase or decreasethe leverage of the mark, and thereby so actuate the said springas to counterbalance the weight above their normal of the liquids when raised level and facilitate their alternate displacement and replacement by th'e-bellowsor movset forth. The dotted lines on the left in said Fig. 4 show the relative position of the and k and rodh when reversed and acting onthe-oppo'site side.

The arms J J,

W W, are or ay be connected to each, other by a rod, r r, and thereby both ofsaidcounter-balances be moved to andl'ro in either direction simultaneonslyand by-t he use of one actuating mechanism onlyviz.,thespring t'and'its several connections or substitutes. This action of saidrod on the said arms J J is thereby transmitted to the contentsof the;

generators and causes the transfer of the therein from one chamber tothe other in each generator simultaneously. Various other de-l may be employed to transfer of'the gas in generator, but the rod is one of-the'siinvices instead of said rod but is preferably constructed with a joint, as shown at r, so as slight independent movement is provided for in the coupling shown at r by th therein, which spring allows a slight movement to eithersection of said rod other has been arrested. The purpose of this, independent movement'will be hereinafter set forth in describing the op eration of the engine.

The generators A A correspond with each 0t and cold chambers, as well as the bellowsin either generator, are in a transposed or opposite relationto those in the other. By this arrangement of theparts in each and their co-ordi hate and simultaneous the bellows in one generator closes the bellows in the other, and the resulting transfer 0* the gas from the cold to the hot chamber in the former will be accompanied with a like transfer from the hot to the cold chamber in the latter.

temperature and tension inane-generator it will be at its lowest in the other, and consequently whenever the liquids in one generator are at their maxi other will be at their minimum, and vice versa.

As herein shown, the pressure in each, generator is at all times acting against its respective end of the piston P; Therefore said piston when. that end of tlnmum pressu e i.-- atling and toward the free ,0 move must travel from carrying the counterbalance after the mum pressure those in the.

ylinder at which'the maxi e spring having the minimum pressure. The aggregate difference between these two pressures will represent the operative power acting on the piston of said engine. This difference of pressure will correspond in amount with the difference in temperature between the hot and cold liquids in said generators, said differential temperature being the source and measure of said power. v

As the power of the engine is derived from the differential temperature of the liquids confined therein, we can obtain the same amount, of power by keeping one of said liquids at a temperature of 150 and the other at 50 as by keeping one at 200 and the other at 100, the power being. due not to the intensity of the heat applied, but to the difference between the two temperatures, as aforesaid. The invention therefore enables us to utilize heat of even a very low temperature and to convert it into available motive power.

The operation of said engine is substantially as follows: The generators having been charged and the desired differential temperature obtained between the hot and cold chambers, as hereinbefore set forth ,the shift-ing of the counter-balance, either by'the hand or otherwise, from the right to the left side of the generator A will open the bellows therein and imparta movement to the liquids and gas in said generator, changing their relative positions, causing the heated liquid in chamber H to descend I and occupy the interior of the bellows and the cold liquid in chamber 0 to ascend and fill the space in said cold chamber, therebydriving the gas out of said cold chamber into the hot chamber, where,coming in contact with the hot plates 0', its temperature will be increased in proportion to the differencein temperature between said cold and hot chambers. Simul= taneous with these movements in A a corregas or liquid in front of said piston back into this generator and thereby compressing the gas in the cold chamber thereof to its original volume. WVhen said piston nears the end of its stroke toward said generator A the stud g acting on spring has hereinbefore explained, will, while the crank-pin his passing the dead-- center, cause said spring to change the position of the liquids and gas in each generatorand thus develop the maximum pressure in A thereby reversing the direction of the force and driving said piston back against the minimum pressure of the generator A. Said piston, therefore, moves in either direction with the differential force due to ahigh pressure on one side thereof and a lower pressure on the other side. By the repetition of these alternating movements a'continuous motion is imparted to the piston or other motive mechanism, which thereby rotatesthe fly-wheel.

With a suitable fly-wheel or other appropriate medium for the storage or transmission of power, the generator A might in some cases be dispensed with. the power imparted to said wheel or other medium by the outgoing stroke Q said cold chamber, the further opening and extension of the bellows or head D is caused to continue therein as faras said outflow provides additional space therefor. Conversely,- in the other generator the gas is in the cold chamber, and the hot chamber is filled with the hot liquid. The return of the cold liquid and consequent compression of the gas is thereby confined to the cold chamber. By these means the expansion of the gas is or maybe confined to the hot chamber and its compression to the cold chamber, and by so confining them the gas inv the hot chamber is maintained at its maximum temperature during the outflow of the liquid or gas from the generator, thereby imparting the increased tension of said gas to said outflowing fluid dur-.

ing practically the whole period occupied by said outflow. The aforesaid further opening and extension of the bellows or head D in either generator is or maybe effected through the differentialor independentmovement permitted to the counterbalance connected there with. Thejoint in the rod r r, hereinbefore explained, allows the requisite amount of differential or independent movement to each counter-balance, and thereby to each bellows or head D, the said differential movement of said bellows or head being equal to and limited by the said outflow. In the drawings, Fig. 5 shows the bellows in A in the act of opening and in A closin in a corres ondin de ree.

When fully open either bellows would extend to the line a. I

In this specification the terms hot and cold are used in a purely relative sense, hot simply signifying the warmer and cold the cooler of the things referred to. The term gas is herein used in a broad generic sense to designate any aeriform body except vapor,

in the generating'vessels being non-essential.

The gas used in said engine is preferably atmospheric air, but any other suitable gas or combination of-gases may be thus employed. The liquids likewise are preferablywater covered witlfa stratum of oil, though other liquids the vapor arising from the liquids employed may be used in lieu thereof or in combination therewith. y

We are aware that various other means and modifications than those herein described may be employed'in utilizing the several features 'ofour invention. We do not therefore wish to be understood as limiting ourselves in any manner to the specific forms or varieties of devices, processes, or methods herein shown and described.

Having thus described the invention, what we herein claim as-new is 1. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator provided with a hot and a cold chamber holding, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquidsbeing isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and mechanism adapted to cause the rising of the liquid in the cold chamber to be accompanied witha lowering of the liquid in the hot chamber, thereby admitting an inflow of gas into said hot chamber, substantially as set forth.

2. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator provided with a hot and a cold chamber holding, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and mechanism adapted to cause the rising of the liquid in the hot chamber to be accompa nied with a lowering of the liquid in the cold chamber. thereby admitting an inflow of gas into said cold chamber, substantially as set forth.

3. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator provided with a hot and a cold chamber holding, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquids being isolated to cause said liquids to alternately increase and decrease the temperature of said gas for the evolution of. power, substantially as set forth.

4:. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator having a hot and a cold chamber contain{ ing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and mechanism adapted to cause the upper section of said cold chamber to be occupied with liquid and gas alternately, substantially as set forth.

5. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a gener= ator having hot and a cold chamber containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and mechanism adapted to cause the upper section of each of said chambers to be occupied with liquid and gas alternately, substantially as set forth. I

6. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator having a hot and a cold chamber holding, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere,and mechanism adapted to cause the cold liquid to transfer said gas from the cold to the hot chamber, substantially as set forth.

7. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator having a hot and a cold chamber holding, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and mechanism adapted to cause said liquids to alternately transfer said gas to and fro from one chamber to the other, substantially as set forth.

8. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of ,a generator having a hot and a cold chamber holding, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and mechanism adapted to cause said liquids to transfer said gas to and fro from one chamber to the other, the gas going and returning through the same channels, substantially as set forth.

9. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator containing hot liquid in contact with gas, mechanism, substantially as set forth, adapted to alternately displace and replace, said liquid and gas, and aicounter-balance constructed and arranged to facilitate or control said displacements, substantially as set forth.

10. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination ofa generator containing cold liquid in contact with gas, mechanism, substantially as set forth, adapted to alternately displace and replace said liquid and gas, and a counter-balance constructed and arranged to facilitate or control said displace ments, substantially as set forth.

11. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, a generator having two chambers containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid and gas, in combination with one bellows or movable head arranged and adapted to displace and replace both of said liquids,

substantially as set forth.

12. In anengine deriving its power from the expansion of gas,a generator having two chambers containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid and gas, in combination with one bellows or movable head arranged and adapted to displace and replace both of said liquids and said gas, substantially as set forth.

13. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, a generator having a hot and a cold chamber holding, respectively, ahot and a cold liquid incontact with gas, in combination with a bellows actuated to automatically IIO Its

chamber to the hot, substantially as set forth.

, with gas, said liquids being isolated from the said regenerator from one chamber to the other,

, sive reheating thereof until each reheating is cause the transfer of said gas from the hot to the cold chamber, substantially as set forth.

14. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, a generator havinga hot and a cold chamber holding,respect-ively, a hot and acold liquid in contact with gas, in combination with a bellows actuated to automatically cause the transfer of said gas from the cold to the hot chamber, substantially as set forth.

15. Im an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, a generator having a hot and a cold chamber holding, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, in combination with a bellows actuated to automatically cause the transfer of said gas to and fro from the hot chamber to the cold and from the cold 16. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator containing hot liquid in contact with gas, aregenerator communicating with said gas, and mechanism adapted to automatically prevent the expansion of said gas during each succesnearly completed, substantially as set forth.

17. In an engine deriving its powerfrom the expansion of-gas, the combination of a generatorcontaining liquid in contact with gas, a regenerator communicating with said gas, and mechanism adapted to automatically open and close said communication to admit the transfer of said gas through the regenerator while preventing the admission of said liquid thereto, substantially as set forth.

18. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination ofa generator containing liquid in contact with gas, a regenerator communicating with said gas, a valve to open or close said communication,and a liquid arranged to automatically operate said valve, substantially as set forth.

19. In an engine deriving its power-from the expansion f gas, the combination of a generator having a chamber containing hot liquid iii contact with gas, said liquid being isolated from the pressure of the externalatmosphere, a regenerator communicating with said chamber, and mechanism adapted totransfer said gas alternately to and fro through said regenerator from and to said chamber, substantially as and for the purpose set forth. 20. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator. having two chambers containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact pressure of the external atmosphere, a regenerator communicating with said chambersand mechanism adapted to cause said liquids to transfer said gas alternately to and fro through substantially as set forth.

21. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of agenerator having two chambers containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid incontact with gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, a regenerator communicating with said chambers,and a bellows adapted to automatically cause the transfer of said gas alternately to and fro through the regenerator from one chamber to I mit the power evolved from said gas to the mo- 'tive mechanism of the engine, substantially as set forth.

23. In an engine derivingits powerfrom the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator having two chambers containing, respect ively, a hotand a cold liquid in'contact with gas, said liquids being isolated from tlge pressure of the external atmosphere, a regenerator communicating with said chambers, a bellows to cause the transfer of the gas to and fro through the regenerator, and a conduit to transmit the pressure of the outfiowing liquid to the motive mechanism ofthe engine, substantially as set forth.

24. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator having two chambers containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, a regenerator communicating with said chanibeis,'

forth, arranged. and adapted to absorb heat from a gas and transmit it to a coldliquid, substantially as described.

26. The combination oftwo absorbing-packs, substantially as set forth, one of which is arranged and adapted to absorb heat from ahot' liquid and transmit it to a gas and the other of which is arranged and adapted to absorb 28. The combination oftwo absorbing-packs,

substantially as set forth, one of which is arranged and adapted to be exposed alternately absorb heat from said liquid and transmit it to said gas, and the other of which is arranged and adapted to be exposed alternately to the .to the action ofa hot liquid and a gas and to action of a cold liquid and a gas, and to absorb heat from said gas and transmit it to said cold liquid, substantially as described.

29. An absorbing-packconsisting of a se ries of closely -spaced plates arranged and adapted to divide a body of gas into a number of sheets or thin sections and to absorb heat from a hot liquid and transmit it to said gas, substantially as set forth.

30. An absorbing-pack consisting of ase ries of closely -spaced plates arranged and adapted to divide a body of hot liquid into a number of sheets or thin sections and to absorb heat from said liquid and transmit it to a gas, substantially as set forth.

31. The combination of a generator con-' structed to hold a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquid being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and an absorb ing-pack adapted to absorb heat from said gas and transmit it to said liquid, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

32. The combination of a generator containing two chambers constructed to hold, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere,and absorbingpacks arranged and adapted. to absorb heat from said hot liquid and transmit it to said gas in one of said chambers and to absorb heat from said gas and transmit it to said cold liquid in the other chamber, substantially as set forth.

33. The combination of a generator constructed to hold a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquid being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and an absorbing-pack arranged and adapted to be automatically exposed to the action of said liquidadapted to be exposed alternately to' the action a of said hot liquid and gas and to absorb heat from said hot liquid and transmit it to said gas, and the other of which is arranged and adapted'to be exposed alternately to the action of said cold liquid and gas and to absorb heat from said gas and transmit it to said cold liquid, substantially as set forth.

35. The combination of a generator constructed to hold a hot liquid in contact with gas, said liquid being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and an absorbing-pack consisting of a series of closelyspaced plates arranged and adapted to divide said liquid or gas into a number of sheets or thin sections and to absorb heat from said liquid and transmit it to said gas, substantially as set forth.

36. The combination of a generator con substantially as set forth.

' structcd to hold a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquid being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and an absorbtransmit it to said liquid, substantially as set forth.

37. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator having hot liquid in contact with gas, said liquid being isolated from the pressure or" the external atmosphere, an absorbingpack adapted to absorb heat from said liquid and transmit it to said gas, a regenerator communicating with said gas, and heating coils or apparatus adapted to convey a supply of heat to said liquid, substantially as set forth.

38. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator having hot and cold liquids in contact with gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, an absorbing-pack adapted to absorb heat from said gas and transmit it to said liquid, a regenerator communicating with said gas, and cooling coils or apparatus adapted to convey a supply of coolingfluid tosaid cold liquid,

39. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator having two chambers containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, absorbing-packs adapted to absorb heat from said hot liquid and transmit it to said gas in one of said chambers and to absorb heat from said gas and transmit it to said cold liquid in said other chamber, and heating coils or apparatus adapted to convey a supply of heat to said hot liquid, and cooling coils or apparatus adapted to supply a cooling-fluid to said cold liquid, substantially as set forth. 40. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator containing a hot'liquid in contact with gas and mechanism adapted to transmit heat from steam to said liquid forthe evolution of motive power, substantially as set forth.

41. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator containing a hot and a cold liquid incontact with gas, mechanism adapted to transmit heat from steam to said hot liquid, and an absorbing-pack arranged to absorb said heat from the hot liquid and transmit it to the gas for the evolution of motive power, substantially as set forth.

42. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator containing a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, mechanism adaptedto transmit heat from steam to the hot liquid, and two absorbing-packs, one of which is arranged to absorb said heat from the hot liquid and trans mit it to the gas and the other of which is arranged to absorb the heat from said gas and transmit it to said cold liquid, substantially as and for the purpose'set forth.

43. In an engine deriving itspower from the expansion of gas, the combination of a genera ator containing a hot and a cold liquid and gas, mechanism adapted to transmit heat from steam to the hot liquid, an absorbing-pack arranged to absorb said heatfrom the hot liquid and transmit it to the gas, and a bellows or.

movable head actuated to cause the transfer of said gas from the hot liquid to the cold, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

4A.. In an enginefleriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of a generator having two chambers containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid in contact with gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, mechanism adapted to transmit heat from steam to the hot liquid, an absorbing-pack arranged to absorb said heat from the hot liquid and transmit it to the gas, a regenerator communicating with said gas, and a bellows or movable head actuated to'cause the transfer of said gas to and fro through said regenerator from the hot chamber to the cold and from the cold chamber to the hot, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.

45. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, two generators, ea'chgenerator containing hot and cold liquid and gas,

in combination with mechanism adapted to cause the liquid'outflowing from either generator to effect an inflow of liquid to the other generator, substantially as set forth.

46. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, two generators, each generator containing gas and hot and cold liquid, in combination with mechanism adapted to cause the expansion of the heated gas in either generator to compress the cold gas in the other generator, substantially as set forth.

47. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of two gen-. erators, each generator containing hot and cold liquid'and gas, two counter-balances adapted to facilitate or control the movements of said liquids, and mechanism adapted to actuate both of said counter-balances simultaneously, substantially as set forth.

48. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of two generators, each generator having a hot and a cold chamber containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid and gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and mechanism adapted to transmit motion from said engine to the contents of both genexpansion of gas, the combination of two generators, each generator having a hot and a cold chamber containing, respectively,a hot and a cold liquid and gas, said liquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and mechanism adapted to transfer said gas to and fro from the hot chamber to the coldin one generator and from the cold chamber to the hot in the otherv generator simultaneously, substantially as set forth.

51. In an enginederiving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of two'generators, each generator having a hot and a cold chamber containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid and gas, saidliquids being isolated from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and mechanism adapted to cause the gas in each generator alternately to attain its maximum pressure and to transmit said pressure to the motive mechanism of the engine, substantiall y as set forth. 1 V

52. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of two generators, each generator having a hot and a cold chamber containing, respectively, a hot and a A cold liquid and gas, and mechanism adapted to cause the liquid in each generator alternately to attain its maximum pressure and to transmit said pressure to the motive mechan ism of the engine, substantially as set forth. 53. In an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the combination of two gen- IOO erators, each generator having a hot and a cold chamber containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid and gas, conduits connecting the two generators with the opposite ends of the pistonchamloer, and mechanism adapted to cause each end of the power-piston to be alternately actuated by the maximum pressure of its respective generator, substantially as set forth.

In testimony that we claim the foregoing we have hereunto set our hands this 1st day of- February, 1886.

' JAMES'S. BALDWIN.

BEN J AMIN W. BRADFORD. Witnesses;

CHARLES H. PELL, NATHAN HARPER.

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